badminton tournament gym floor lay out

Racquet sport

Badminton

Ii Chinese pairs compete in the mixed doubles gold medal friction match of the 2012 Olympics
Highest governing body	Badminton World Federation
Start played	19th century
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Singles or doubles
Mixed-sexual practice	Yes
Blazon	Racquet sport
Equipment	Shuttlecock, racquet
Presence
Olympic	1992–present
World Games	1981

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may exist played with larger teams, the nigh common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is often played as a casual outdoor activity in a yard or on a embankment; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor courtroom. Points are scored by hit the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing side'south half of the court.

Each side may just strike the shuttlecock in one case before it passes over the net. Play ends in one case the shuttlecock has struck the floor or if a mistake has been called by the umpire, service approximate, or (in their absence) the opposing side.^[ane]

The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in informal matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In detail, the feathers create much higher elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly. Shuttlecocks also accept a high peak speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The flight of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature.

The game developed in British India from the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. European play came to be dominated by Denmark but the game has get very popular in Asia, with recent competitions dominated by China. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summertime Olympic sport with four events: men'south singles, women's singles, men'southward doubles, and women'due south doubles,^[2] with mixed doubles added four years subsequently. At high levels of play, the sport demands splendid fitness: players crave aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed, and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring practiced motor coordination and the development of sophisticated racquet movements.^[3]

History

Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia,^[a] but the modern game of badminton adult in the mid-19th century among the expatriate officers of British Republic of india as a variant of the before game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)^[4] Its verbal origin remains obscure. The name derives from the Duke of Beaufort's Badminton House in Gloucestershire,^[five] merely why or when remains unclear. Every bit early as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, but no copy is known to have survived.^[6] An 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton as "battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, beyond a cord suspended some 5 feet from the footing".^[seven]

The game originally developed in India among the British expatriates,^[8] where it was very pop by the 1870s.^[6] Ball badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was beingness played in Thanjavur as early as the 1850s^[ix] and was at beginning played interchangeably with badminton past the British, the woollen brawl being preferred in windy or wet weather.

Early on, the game was also known every bit Poona or Poonah subsequently the garrison town of Poona,^{[8] [10]} where information technology was peculiarly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn upward in 1873.^{[6] [vii] [b]} By 1875, officers returning abode had started a badminton club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from 1 to 4 players, but it was quickly established that games between two or four competitors worked the best.^[four] The shuttlecocks were coated with India rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with atomic number 82.^[4] Although the depth of the net was of no event, it was preferred that it should reach the ground.^[4]

The sport was played nether the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. Eastward. Hart of the Bath Badminton Gild drew upwards revised regulations.^[5] In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules.^[6] The Badminton Association of England (BAE) published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a house called "Dunbar"^[c] in Portsmouth on 13 September.^[12] The BAE started the first badminton competition, the All England Open Badminton Championships for gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899.^[5] Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an England–Ireland championship lucifer appeared in 1904.^[5]

England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Kingdom of denmark, French republic, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, now known equally the Badminton World Federation. India joined every bit an affiliate in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe past Kingdom of denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations have become dominant in international contest. China, Denmark, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of india, South Korea, Taiwan (playing as 'Chinese Taipei') and Japan are the nations which have consistently produced world-grade players in the past few decades, with Mainland china being the greatest force in men'southward and women's competition recently.

The game has as well get a popular backyard sport in the The states.

Rules

The post-obit information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, Laws of Badminton.^[13]

Courtroom

The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a internet. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules allow a courtroom to exist marked for singles but.^[13] The doubles court is wider than the singles courtroom, but both are of the same length. The exception, which ofttimes causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.

The full width of the courtroom is 6.1 metres (20 anxiety), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.xviii metres (17.0 feet). The full length of the court is thirteen.4 metres (44 feet). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (half dozen feet 6 inches) from the cyberspace, and past the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is likewise marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 feet 6 inches) from the dorsum boundary.

The cyberspace is 1.55 metres (v feet 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (five.00 feet) high in the middle. The net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

The minimum height for the ceiling above the courtroom is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Nonetheless, a badminton court will non exist suitable if the ceiling is likely to exist hitting on a loftier serve.

Serving

The legal bounds of a badminton courtroom during diverse stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the brusque service line on the opponents' court or it will count equally a fault. The server and receiver must remain inside their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other two players may stand wherever they wish, so long every bit they practice not cake the vision of the server or receiver.

At the start of the rally, the server and receiver stand in diagonally reverse service courts (meet court dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver's service court. This is like to lawn tennis, except that in a badminton serve the whole shuttle must be below 1.15 metres from the surface of the court at the instant of being hit by the server's racket, the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce and in badminton, the players stand inside their service courts, unlike lawn tennis.

When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(due south) (this differs from the old arrangement where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known every bit a "second serve").

In singles, the server stands in their correct service courtroom when their score is fifty-fifty, and in their left service court when their score is odd.

In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the aforementioned player continues to serve, only he/she changes service courts then that she/he serves to a dissimilar opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is fifty-fifty, the histrion in the right service court serves; if odd, the player in the left service court serves. The players' service courts are determined by their positions at the start of the previous rally, not by where they were standing at the end of the rally. A consequence of this system is that each time a side regains the service, the server will be the player who did not serve last time.

Scoring

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served^[xiii] (this differs from the old organization where players could just win a signal on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three games.

If the score ties at 20–20, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–22), except when in that location is a tie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a aureate point of thirty. Whoever scores this point wins the game.

At the start of a match, the shuttlecock is cast and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves commencement. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive first, or choosing which cease of the court to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.

In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of iii: a player or pair must win ii games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of whatever doubles game, the serving pair may determine who serves and the receiving pair may decide who receives. The players alter ends at the outset of the second game; if the match reaches a tertiary game, they change ends both at the outset of the game and when the leading player'due south or pair's score reaches 11 points.

Lets

If a permit is chosen, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur considering of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit at that place past players playing in next court) or in small-scale halls the shuttle may affect an overhead runway which can exist classed as a let.

If the receiver is not set up when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been fix.

Equipment

Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

Racquets

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with tiptop quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.5 and three.4 ounces) not including grip or strings.^{[xiv] [fifteen]} They are composed of many unlike materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of calorie-free metals such as aluminium. Earlier nevertheless, racquets were fabricated of wood. Cheap racquets are yet oftentimes made of metals such every bit steel, but wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, considering of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater durability.^{[ citation needed ]}

There is a wide variety of racquet designs, although the laws limit the racquet size and shape. Different racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval head shape is all the same available, only an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Strings

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from most 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players adopt the feel of thinner strings. String tension is commonly in the range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between eighty and 110 Due north (eighteen and 25 lbf). Professionals string between almost 110 and 160 N (25 and 36 lbf). Some cord manufacturers mensurate the thickness of their strings nether tension and so they are actually thicker than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is actually 0.7mm only Yonex BG-66 is nearly 0.72mm.

It is often argued that high string tensions improve command, whereas low string tensions increase power.^[16] The arguments for this generally rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such equally claiming that a lower tension string bed is more than bouncy and therefore provides more power. This is, in fact, incorrect, for a college string tension can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence arrive harder to striking a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for ability depends on the player:^[14] the faster and more accurately a player can swing their racquet, the college the tension for maximum ability. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical assay, nor is there clear bear witness in favour of one or the other. The most constructive mode for a player to find a good string tension is to experiment.

Grip

The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of their racquet handle and cull a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build upwardly the handle with one or several grips before applying the terminal layer.

Players may choose between a diverseness of grip materials. The most common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip choice is a affair of personal preference. Players ofttimes find that sweat becomes a problem; in this example, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or easily, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip fabric or change their grip more frequently.

There are two chief types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than one mm), and are frequently used equally the final layer. Many players, however, prefer to use replacement grips equally the final layer. Towelling grips are e'er replacement grips. Replacement grips accept an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have simply a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must exist applied under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who alter grips ofttimes, because they may be removed more rapidly without damaging the underlying material.

Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock with a plastic skirt

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; besides called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open up conical shape: the cone is formed from 16 overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic cloth. Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles intermission easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base of operations and a plastic skirt.

Badminton rules as well provide for testing a shuttlecock for the correct speed:

3.ane: To examination a shuttlecock, hit a full underhand stroke that makes contact with the shuttlecock over the back purlieus line. The shuttlecock shall be striking at an upward angle and in a direction parallel to the sidelines. 3.2: A shuttlecock of the correct speed will land not less than 530 mm and not more than 990 mm short of the other back boundary line.

Shoes

Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of safe or like high-grip, non-marking materials.

Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes take trivial lateral support. High levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral move is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, however, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly congenital-up lateral back up will not be able to protect the pes in badminton; instead, it will encourage catastrophic collapse at the bespeak where the shoe'due south back up fails, and the player's ankles are non ready for the sudden loading, which can cause sprains. For this reason, players should cull badminton shoes rather than full general trainers or running shoes, because proper badminton shoes will accept a very thin sole, lower a person's centre of gravity, and therefore result in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they larn safe and proper footwork, with the knee and human foot in alignment on all lunges. This is more than merely a safety business organisation: proper footwork is as well critical in guild to move effectively around the court.

Technique

Strokes

Badminton offers a wide variety of basic strokes, and players require a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes tin can be played either forehand or backhand. A player's forehand side is the same side as their playing hand: for a right-handed role player, the forehand side is their right side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are striking with the front of the hand leading (like hit with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are hit with the back of the mitt leading (similar hit with the duke). Players frequently play certain strokes on the forehand side with a backhand hitting activeness, and vice versa.

In the forecourt and midcourt, most strokes can be played equally effectively on either the forehand or backhand side; but in the rear court, players will endeavor to play as many strokes as possible on their forehands, often preferring to play a round-the-head forehand overhead (a forehand "on the backhand side") rather than attempt a backhand overhead. Playing a backhand overhead has two main disadvantages. Start, the actor must turn their dorsum to their opponents, restricting their view of them and the court. Second, backhand overheads cannot exist hit with as much ability as forehands: the hitting action is limited by the shoulder joint, which permits a much greater range of motion for a forehand overhead than for a backhand. The backhand articulate is considered past most players and coaches to be the nigh difficult basic stroke in the game, since the precise technique is needed in order to muster enough power for the shuttlecock to travel the full length of the court. For the same reason, backhand smashes tend to be weak.

Position of the shuttlecock and receiving histrion

Japanese player Sayaka Sato prepares for a forehand serve

The choice of stroke depends on how near the shuttlecock is to the internet, whether it is higher up cyberspace peak, and where an opponent is currently positioned: players have much better attacking options if they can reach the shuttlecock well above net height, especially if it is likewise close to the net. In the forecourt, a high shuttlecock will exist met with a net kill, hit it steeply downwardly and attempting to win the rally immediately. This is why it is best to drop the shuttlecock just over the net in this state of affairs. In the midcourt, a high shuttlecock will unremarkably be met with a powerful blast, likewise striking downwards and hoping for an outright winner or a weak respond. Athletic jump smashes, where players leap upwards for a steeper smash angle, are a common and spectacular element of aristocracy men's doubles play. In the rearcourt, players strive to hitting the shuttlecock while it is withal above them, rather than allowing information technology to drop lower. This overhead hitting allows them to play smashes, clears (hit the shuttlecock loftier and to the back of the opponents' court), and drop shots (hitting the shuttlecock softly so that it falls sharply downward into the opponents' forecourt). If the shuttlecock has dropped lower, then a boom is impossible and a full-length, high articulate is difficult.

Vertical position of the shuttlecock

When the shuttlecock is well below net height, players have no choice but to hit upwards. Lifts, where the shuttlecock is hit up to the back of the opponents' court, can be played from all parts of the courtroom. If a player does not lift, their only remaining option is to push button the shuttlecock softly back to the net: in the forecourt, this is called a cyberspace shot; in the midcourt or rear court, it is often called a push button or cake.

When the shuttlecock is virtually to net height, players tin can hit drives, which travel flat and rapidly over the net into the opponents' rear midcourt and rear courtroom. Pushes may too be hit flatter, placing the shuttlecock into the front midcourt. Drives and pushes may be played from the midcourt or forecourt, and are nigh ofttimes used in doubles: they are an endeavor to regain the attack, rather than choosing to elevator the shuttlecock and defend against smashes. After a successful drive or push, the opponents will often exist forced to lift the shuttlecock.

Spin

Balls may be spun to alter their bounce (for example, topspin and backspin in lawn tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the brawl (strike it with an angled racquet confront) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is non allowed to bounce, just slicing the shuttlecock does have applications in badminton. (See Basic strokes for an caption of technical terms.)

• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may crusade it to travel in a different direction from the direction suggested by the player's racquet or body motion. This is used to deceive opponents.
• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may crusade it to follow a slightly curved path (every bit seen from above), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to slow down more all of a sudden towards the finish of their flight path. This tin can be used to create drop shots and smashes that dip more steeply later on they pass the net.
• When playing a net shot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause it to plough over itself (tumble) several times equally it passes the net. This is called a spinning net shot or tumbling net shot. The opponent will be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until information technology has corrected its orientation.

Due to the way that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock also has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in a counter-clockwise direction as seen from in a higher place when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects sure strokes: a tumbling net shot is more than constructive if the slicing action is from correct to left, rather than from left to right.^[17]

Biomechanics

Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the modest role of the wrist in power generation and point that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.^[18] Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.^[19]

The feathers impart substantial elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate greatly over distance. The shuttlecock is too extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, it will turn to fly cork-starting time and remain in the cork-first orientation.

One consequence of the shuttlecock's elevate is that it requires considerable power to hit it the full length of the court, which is not the case for most racquet sports. The elevate as well influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flying is heavily skewed so that it falls at a steeper bending than information technology rises. With very high serves, the shuttlecock may even fall vertically.

Other factors

When defending against a boom, players have iii bones options: lift, block, or drive. In singles, a cake to the net is the most mutual reply. In doubles, a elevator is the safest pick but information technology usually allows the opponents to go on peachy; blocks and drives are counter-attacking strokes but may be intercepted by the smasher's partner. Many players use a backhand hitting activeness for returning smashes on both the forehand and backhand sides considering backhands are more than constructive than forehands at covering smashes directed to the torso. Hard shots directed towards the body are difficult to defend.

The service is restricted by the Laws and presents its own assortment of stroke choices. Unlike in tennis, the server's racquet must be pointing in a downward direction to deliver the serve so commonly the shuttle must exist hit upwards to laissez passer over the cyberspace. The server tin can cull a low serve into the forecourt (like a push button), or a lift to the back of the service court, or a apartment drive serve. Lifted serves may be either high serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted so loftier that it falls almost vertically at the back of the court, or flick serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted to a lesser height simply falls sooner.

Deception

Once players have mastered these bones strokes, they can hit the shuttlecock from and to whatever part of the court, powerfully and softly every bit required. Across the basics, even so, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players have to cover a short distance as quickly every bit possible, the purpose of many advanced strokes is to deceive the opponent, so that either they are tricked into believing that a unlike stroke is beingness played, or they are forced to delay their movement until they actually sees the shuttle's direction. "Deception" in badminton is often used in both of these senses. When a player is genuinely deceived, they will often lose the point immediately because they cannot change their direction chop-chop enough to reach the shuttlecock. Experienced players will be aware of the pull a fast one on and cautious not to move too early, only the attempted deception is still useful because it forces the opponent to delay their motility slightly. Against weaker players whose intended strokes are obvious, an experienced player may motion before the shuttlecock has been hit, anticipating the stroke to gain an reward.

Slicing and using a shortened hitting action are the two master technical devices that facilitate deception. Slicing involves hitting the shuttlecock with an angled racquet confront, causing information technology to travel in a different direction than suggested by the trunk or arm motion. Slicing also causes the shuttlecock to travel more slowly than the arm movement suggests. For example, a good crosscourt sliced drop shot volition employ a hitting action that suggests a straight clear or a blast, deceiving the opponent almost both the power and management of the shuttlecock. A more sophisticated slicing activeness involves brushing the strings around the shuttlecock during the hit, in order to make the shuttlecock spin. This tin be used to improve the shuttle's trajectory, by making it dip more rapidly every bit information technology passes the net; for example, a sliced low serve tin can travel slightly faster than a normal low serve, yet land on the same spot. Spinning the shuttlecock is too used to create spinning net shots (besides called tumbling net shots), in which the shuttlecock turns over itself several times (tumbles) before stabilizing; sometimes the shuttlecock remains inverted instead of tumbling. The principal advantage of a spinning net shot is that the opponent will be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has stopped tumbling, since hitting the feathers will issue in an unpredictable stroke. Spinning net shots are especially important for high-level singles players.

The lightness of mod racquets allows players to utilise a very short hitting action for many strokes, thereby maintaining the option to hitting a powerful or a soft stroke until the concluding possible moment. For example, a singles role player may hold their racquet ready for a cyberspace shot, simply then flick the shuttlecock to the back instead with a shallow lift when they observe the opponent has moved before the bodily shot was played. A shallow lift takes less time to attain the ground and as mentioned above a rally is over when the shuttlecock touches the ground. This makes the opponent'southward task of covering the whole courtroom much more difficult than if the lift was hit higher and with a bigger, obvious swing. A short hitting action is non only useful for charade: it also allows the role player to striking powerful strokes when they have no time for a big arm swing. A big arm swing is also commonly not advised in badminton because bigger swings make information technology more difficult to recover for the next shot in fast exchanges. The use of grip tightening is crucial to these techniques, and is frequently described as finger ability. Elite players develop finger power to the extent that they tin striking some power strokes, such equally net kills, with less than a 10 centimetres (iv inches) racquet swing.

It is also possible to reverse this style of charade, past suggesting a powerful stroke before slowing down the striking action to play a soft stroke. In general, this latter style of deception is more mutual in the rear court (for example, drib shots disguised equally smashes), whereas the erstwhile fashion is more common in the forecourt and midcourt (for example, lifts disguised equally cyberspace shots).

Charade is non express to slicing and short hitting actions. Players may also use double motion, where they make an initial racquet move in 1 direction earlier withdrawing the racquet to hit in another direction. Players will often exercise this to transport opponents in the wrong direction. The racquet movement is typically used to suggest a straight bending but and so play the stroke crosscourt, or vice versa. Triple movement is also possible, simply this is very rare in actual play. An alternative to double motion is to utilise a racquet head fake, where the initial motion is continued but the racquet is turned during the hit. This produces a smaller change in management only does non require every bit much fourth dimension.

Strategy

To win in badminton, players need to utilise a wide diversity of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling net returns. Often rallies cease with a smash, only setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For example, a net shot can forcefulness the opponent to lift the shuttlecock, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the net shot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent'southward lift will non reach the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.

Deception is besides of import. Expert players ready for many different strokes that expect identical and use slicing to deceive their opponents nigh the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to anticipate the stroke, they may motion in the incorrect direction and may be unable to change their body momentum in time to achieve the shuttlecock.

Singles

Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to motion as much every bit possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court past combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Not bad tends to exist less prominent in singles than in doubles considering the smasher has no partner to follow up their attempt and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed render. Moreover, frequent smashing tin can exist exhausting in singles where the conservation of a role player's energy is at a premium. All the same, players with strong smashes will sometimes use the shot to create openings, and players commonly smash weak returns to try to end rallies.

In singles, players will often commencement the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve. Depression serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Drive serves are rare.

At high levels of play, singles demand extraordinary fettle. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.^[20]

Doubles

Both pairs will effort to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when the opportunity arises. Whenever possible, a pair volition adopt an ideal attacking formation with one role player hitting down from the rear court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the elevator. If the rear court assaulter plays a drop shot, their partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the internet reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they volition utilize apartment strokes in an endeavour to proceeds the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to encompass the total width of their court against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players more often than not smash to the centre footing between 2 players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.

At loftier levels of play, the backhand serve has get popular to the extent that forehand serves have become adequately rare at a high level of play. The straight low serve is used virtually frequently, in an attempt to preclude the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Pic serves are used to forestall the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men'due south doubles are the most aggressive form of badminton, with a loftier proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men'due south doubles than for singles.

Mixed doubles

The 2012 Olympic mixed doubles final in London

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the woman at the forepart and the man at the back. This is because the male players are usually essentially stronger, and can, therefore, produce smashes that are more powerful. As a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will try to opposite the ideal position, past forcing the woman towards the back or the man towards the front. In order to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot selection.^[21]

At high levels of play, the formations will generally be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the back-court, and will happily exercise so if required. When the opportunity arises, notwithstanding, the pair will switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in forepart and men in the dorsum.

Arrangement

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing torso of the sport responsible for the regulation of tournaments and budgeted fair play. V regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and Southward America belong to the same confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (BE)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions

A men'due south doubles match. The blue lines are those for the badminton court. The other coloured lines announce uses for other sports – such complexity being mutual in multi-employ sports halls.

The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Cup, the premier men's international team event first held in 1948–1949, and the Uber Cup, the women'south equivalent offset held in 1956–1957. The competitions now have place once every two years. More 50 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within continental confederations for a place in the finals. The final tournament involves 12 teams, following an increase from eight teams in 2004. Information technology was further increased to 16 teams in 2012.^[22]

The Sudirman Loving cup, a gender-mixed international team outcome held one time every two years, began in 1989. Teams are divided into 7 levels based on the operation of each land. To win the tournament, a country must perform well across all five disciplines (men's doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Like association football game (soccer), information technology features a promotion and relegation system at every level. However, the system was final used in 2009 and teams competing volition now be grouped by world rankings.^[23]

Badminton was a sit-in issue at the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. It became an official Summer Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 and its gilded medals now mostly rate as the sport's most coveted prizes for individual players.

In the BWF Globe Championships, showtime held in 1977, currently but the highest-ranked 64 players in the globe, and a maximum of four from each country tin participate in any category. In both the Olympic and BWF World competitions restrictions on the number of participants from any ane state have acquired some controversy because they sometimes result in excluding elite world level players from the strongest badminton nations. The Thomas, Uber, and Sudirman Cups, the Olympics, and the BWF Globe (and Globe Junior Championships), are all categorized as level one tournaments.

At the first of 2007, the BWF introduced a new tournament structure for the highest level tournaments bated from those in level one: the BWF Super Series. This level two tournament serial, a tour for the world's aristocracy players, phase twelve open tournaments around the globe with 32 players (half the previous limit). The players collect points that determine whether they can play in Super Series Finals held at the yr-end. Amid the tournaments in this serial is the venerable All-England Championships, first held in 1900, which was once considered the unofficial globe championships of the sport.^[24]

Level three tournaments consist of Yard Prix Gold and Grand Prix event. Height players can collect the world ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open up tournaments. These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe (European Badminton Championships), which produce the globe's best players likewise equally the Pan America Badminton Championships.

The level 4 tournaments, known every bit International Challenge, International Series, and Futurity Series, encourage participation by junior players.^[25]

Comparison with lawn tennis

Badminton is frequently compared to tennis due to several qualities. The following is a list of manifest differences:

• Scoring: In badminton, a friction match is played best 2 of 3 games, with each game played upwardly to 21 points. In tennis a match is played all-time of three or 5 sets, each set up consisting of six games and each game ends when ane player wins 4 points or wins two consecutive points at deuce points. If both teams are tied at "game point", they must play until one team achieves a two-point advantage. However, at 29–all, whoever scores the golden point will win. In tennis, if the score is tied 6–6 in a gear up, a tiebreaker volition exist played, which ends in one case a player reaches vii points or when ane actor has a two-indicate advantage.
• In tennis, the ball may bounce once before the indicate ends; in badminton, the rally ends in one case the shuttlecock touches the floor.
• In tennis, the serve is ascendant to the extent that the server is expected to win most of their service games (at advanced level & onwards); a pause of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a match. In badminton, a server has far less an advantage and is unlikely to score an ace (unreturnable serve).
• In lawn tennis, the server has two chances to striking a serve into the service box; in badminton, the server is allowed only one attempt.
• A tennis court is approximately twice the length and width of a badminton court.
• Tennis racquets are about 4 times equally heavy as badminton racquets, 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) versus 2 to three ounces (57 to 85 grams).^{[26] [27]} Tennis assurance are more than eleven times heavier than shuttlecocks, 57 grams (2.0 ounces) versus 5 grams (0.xviii ounces).^{[28] [29]}
• The fastest recorded lawn tennis stroke is Samuel Groth's 163.4 miles per hour (263 kilometres per hour) serve,^[30] whereas the fastest badminton stroke during gameplay was Mads Pieler Kolding'south 264.seven miles per hour (426 kilometres per hour) recorded smash at a Badminton Premier League friction match.^[31]

Statistics such as the smash speed, above, prompt badminton enthusiasts to make other comparisons that are more than contentious. For instance, it is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.^[32] Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racquet sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis balls. In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.

While fans of badminton and tennis often claim that their sport is the more physically demanding, such comparisons are difficult to brand considerately because of the differing demands of the games. No formal study currently exists evaluating the concrete condition of the players or demands during gameplay.

Badminton and tennis techniques differ essentially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than than tennis players; in lawn tennis, the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may atomic number 82 to injury. For the aforementioned reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racquet swing: for some strokes such as internet kills, an elite actor'southward swing may be less than five centimetres (2 inches). For strokes that require more ability, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racquet swing volition rarely exist every bit long equally a typical tennis swing.

Come across also

• Ball badminton
• Hanetsuki
• List of racquet sports
• Speed badminton

Notes

1. ^ Other related sports include Hanetsuki, which originated in Japan.
2. ^ Confronting this, Downey claims that the first rules were fatigued upward at Karachi in 1877.^[xi]
3. ^ 6 Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England.^[12]

1. ^ Boga (2008).
2. ^ "Olympic Badminton The Olympic Journeying". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton Globe Federation. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
3. ^ Grice (2008).
4. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1878).
5. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1911).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Adams (1980).
7. ^ ^{a b} "badminton, northward.", Oxford English Lexicon
8. ^ ^{a b} Guillain (2004), p. 47.
9. ^ "About Game", Ball Badminton Federation of India, 2008, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved 7 July 2011
10. ^ Connors, et al. (1991), p. 195.
11. ^ Downey (1982), p. 13.
12. ^ ^{a b} "The History of Badminton: Foundation of the BAE and Codification of the Rules", World Badminton
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Laws of Badminton". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kwun (28 February 2005). "Badminton Cardinal Guide to choosing Badminton Equipment". BadmintonCentral.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2007.
15. ^ "SL-70". Karakal. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007.
16. ^ "String tension relating to power and control". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
17. ^ "The Spin Medico", Power & Precision Magazine, July 2006
18. ^ Kim (2002).
19. ^ "Badminton Technique", Badminton England "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 17 Apr 2008. Retrieved 6 Dec 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as title (link)
20. ^ "Rules of Badminton". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
21. ^ Kumekawa, Eugene (21 March 2014). "Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Role player". BadmintonPlanet.
22. ^ "Thomas and Uber Cups increased to 16 teams". sportskeeda.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
23. ^ Sachetat, Raphaël. "Sudirman Loving cup to Change Format". Badzine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
24. ^ "Badminton Federation Announces 12-event Series", International Herald Tribune, Associated Press, 23 September 2006, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 25 October 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
25. ^ "New Tournament Construction", International Badminton Federation, 20 July 2006, archived from the original on 29 September 2007 .
26. ^ "What is the ideal weight for a tennis racquet?". About.com. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
27. ^ "The contribution of applied science on badminton rackets". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
28. ^ Azeez, Shefiu (2000). "Mass of a Tennis Ball". Hypertextbook.
29. ^ 1000. McCreary, Kathleen (5 May 2005). "A Written report of the Motility of a Gratis Falling Shuttlecock" (PDF). The College of Wooster. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007. http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/McCreary.pdf
30. ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
31. ^ "Fastest badminton hitting in competition (male)". Retrieved 8 July 2019.
32. ^ "WHAT IS BADMINTON". Badminton Oceania . Retrieved eighteen February 2022.

References

• Adams, Bernard (1980), The Badminton Story, BBC Books, ISBN0563164654
• Boga, Steve (2008), Badminton, Hand Prints, ISBN978-1439504789
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Badminton (game)", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. iii (11th ed.), Cambridge Academy Press, p. 189
• Connors, M.; Dupuis, D.L.; Morgan, B. (1991), The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summertime Games, Visible Ink Printing, ISBN0-8103-9417-0 .
• Downey, Jake (1982), Meliorate Badminton for All, Pelham Books, ISBN978-0-7207-1438-8 .
• Grice, Tony (2008), Badminton: Steps to Success, Human Kinetics, ISBN978-0-7360-7229-eight
• Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004), Badminton: An Illustrated History, Publibook, ISBN2-7483-0572-8
• Jones, Henry (1878), "Badminton", in Baynes, T. Southward. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (ninth ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 228
• Kim, Wangdo (2002), An Analysis of the Biomechanics of Arm Movement During a Badminton Smash (PDF), Nanyang Technological University, archived from the original on two October 2008 {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).

External links

• Badminton at Curlie
• Badminton World Federation
  • Laws of Badminton
  • Simplified Rules
• Badminton Asia Confederation
• Badminton Pan Am
• Badminton Oceania
• Badminton Europe
• Badminton Confederation of Africa

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